外商投资国际海运业管理规定(附英文)
交通部 商务部
外商投资国际海运业管理规定
中华人民共和国交通部
中华人民共和国商务部
令
2004年第1号
现公布《外商投资国际海运业管理规定》，自2004年6月1日起施行。
交通部部长 张春贤
商务部部长 薄熙来
二○○四年二月二十五日
外商投资国际海运业管理规定
第一条 为规范对外商在中国境内设立外商投资企业从事国际海上运输业务以及与国际海上运输相关的辅助性经营业务的管理，保护中外投资者的合法权益，根据《中华人民共和国国际海运条例》（以下简称《海运条例》）和中华人民共和国外商投资的有关法律、行政法规，制定本规定。
第二条 外商在中国境内投资经营国际海上运输业务以及与国际海上运输相关的辅助性经营业务（以下简称国际海运业），适用本规定。
第三条 中华人民共和国交通部和商务部及其授权的部门负责外商在中华人民共和国境内投资设立经营国际海运业的外商投资企业的审批和管理工作。
第四条 经交通部和商务部批准，允许外商采用以下形式投资经营国际海运业：
（一）设立中外合资、中外合作企业经营国际船舶运输、国际船舶代理、国际船舶管理、国际海运货物装卸、国际海运集装箱站和堆场业务；
（二）设立中外合资、中外合作、外商独资企业经营国际海运货物仓储业务；
（三）设立中外合资、中外合作、外商独资企业为投资者拥有或者经营的船舶提供日常业务服务。
第五条 设立外商投资国际船舶运输企业，需符合如下条件：
（一）有与经营国际海上运输业务相适应的船舶，其中必须有中国籍船舶；
（二）投入运营的船舶符合国家规定的海上交通安全技术标准；
（三）有提单、客票或者多式联运单证；
（四）有具备交通部规定的从业资格的高级业务管理人员；
（五）以中外合资或中外合作企业形式设立，外商的出资比例不得超过49%；
（六）企业的董事长和总经理，由投资各方协商后由中方指定；
（七）法律、行政法规规定的其他条件。
第六条 设立外商投资企业经营国际船舶运输业务，应当首先根据《海运条例》及《中华人民共和国海运条例实施细则》（以下简称《海运条例实施细则》）的规定向交通部提出申请，经交通部许可后，申请人应根据国家外商投资法律、行政法规的规定，凭交通部的许可文件向商务部提交本规定第十五条规定的文件，到商务部办理外商投资企业的设立审批手续，取得《外商投资企业批准证书》。
申请人应当持交通部的许可文件和商务部颁发的《外商投资企业批准证书》等有关文件，依法向工商行政管理机关办理工商登记，领取营业执照。
外商投资国际船舶运输企业依法设立后，申请人应当持工商行政管理机关颁发的营业执照向交通部申领《国际船舶运输经营许可证》，取得许可证书后方可从事国际船舶运输经营活动。
第七条 设立外商投资国际船舶代理企业，需符合如下条件：
（一）高级业务管理人员中至少2人具有3年以上从事国际海上运输经营活动的经历。高级业务管理人员是指具有中级或中级以上职称、在国际海运企业或者国际海运辅助企业任部门经理以上职务的中国公民；
（二）有固定的营业场所和必要的营业设施，包括具有同港口和海关等部门进行电子数据交换的能力；
（三）以中外合资或中外合作企业形式设立，外商出资比例不得超过49%；
（四）法律、行政法规规定的其他条件。
第八条 设立外商投资企业经营国际船舶代理业务，应当首先根据《海运条例》及《海运条例实施细则》的规定向交通部提出申请，经交通部许可后，申请人应根据国家外商投资法律、行政法规的规定，凭交通部的许可文件向商务部提交本规定第十五条规定的文件，到商务部办理外商投资企业的设立审批手续，取得《外商投资企业批准证书》。
申请人应当持交通部的许可文件和商务部颁发的《外商投资企业批准证书》等有关文件，依法向工商行政管理机关办理工商登记，领取营业执照。
外商投资国际船舶代理企业依法设立后，申请人应当持工商行政管理机关颁发的营业执照向交通部申领《国际船舶代理经营资格登记证》，取得资格登记证后方可从事国际船舶代理经营活动。
第九条 设立外商投资国际船舶管理企业，需具备下列条件：
（一）高级业务管理人员中至少2人具有3年以上从事国际海上运输经营活动的经历；
（二）有持有与所管理船舶种类和航区相适应的船长、轮机长适任证书的人员；
（三）有与国际船舶管理业务相适应的设备、设施。
第十条 设立外商投资企业经营国际船舶管理业务，应当根据《海运条例》及《海运条例实施细则》的规定向交通部提出申请，经交通部许可后，申请人凭交通部的许可文件并提交本规定第十五条规定的材料，根据国家有关外商投资的法律、行政法规的规定向企业所在地省级人民政府商务主管部门办理《外商投资企业批准证书》。
外商投资国际船舶管理企业依法设立后，申请人应当持工商行政管理机关颁发的营业执照向企业所在地的省级人民政府交通主管部门申领《国际海运辅助业经营资格登记证》，取得登记证书后方可从事国际船舶管理经营活动。
第十一条 设立外商投资企业经营国际海运集装箱站和堆场业务、国际海运货物仓储，应当根据《海运条例》及《海运条例实施细则》的规定向交通部提出申请，经交通部许可后，申请人凭交通部的许可文件并提交本规定第十五条规定的材料，根据国家有关外商投资的法律、行政法规的规定向企业所在地省级人民政府商务主管部门办理《外商投资企业批准证书》。
外商投资国际海运集装箱站和堆场企业、国际海运货物仓储企业依法设立后，申请人应当持工商行政管理机关颁发的营业执照向企业所在地的省级人民政府交通主管部门申领《国际海运辅助业经营资格登记证》，取得登记证书后方可从事相关业务。
外商投资设立国际海运货物装卸企业，依照国家有关规定办理。
第十二条 对已经设立的外商投资企业申请增加经营国际海运或国际海运辅助性业务，应当按照本规定中设立相关外商投资国际海运企业的程序办理相应手续。
已经设立的外商投资国际海运企业设立分支机构，应当按照有关外商投资法律、行政法规的规定和《海运条例》及《海运条例实施细则》的规定分别到交通部和商务部或其授权的部门办理相应手续。
已经设立的外商投资国际海运企业的合营合同、公司章程中有关出资、股权结构、经营范围等重要内容进行变更的，应当按照有关外商投资法律、行政法规的规定到商务部或其授权部门办理相关手续。变更《海运条例实施细则》第二十一条规定事项的，应当向交通部备案。
第十三条 外国航运公司可以设立中外合资、中外合作、外商独资企业，为投资者拥有或者经营的船舶提供承揽货物、代签提单、代结运费、代签服务合同等日常业务服务，其申请设立程序依照交通部与商务部联合发布的外商独资船务公司审批管理的有关规定办理。
第十四条 在中国境内的外商投资企业经营无船承运业务，应依照《海运条例》及《海运条例实施细则》的规定，向交通部申请登记取得《无船承运业务经营资格登记证》，并依照外商投资的有关法律、行政法规的规定，到商务部办理审批手续。
第十五条 申请人向交通部提出申请，应当提交《海运条例》及《海运条例实施细则》规定的材料；向商务部或其授权部门提出申请的，应向审批机关提交如下材料：
（一） 申请书；
（二） 可行性研究报告；
（三）合营合同和合营公司章程（独资企业只报送章程）；
（四）投资者注册登记证明文件及资信证明文件；
（五）拟设立企业董事长和总经理的身份证明；
（六）法律、行政法规要求的其他文件。
第十六条 中国香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区的投资者在中国其他省、自治区和直辖市投资设立国际海运及其国际海运辅助企业，参照本规定办理。
第十七条 根据国务院批准的《内地与香港关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》、《内地与澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》及其附件的有关规定，自2004年1月1日起，允许香港和澳门的服务提供者在内地设立独资企业经营国际船舶管理、国际海运货物仓储、国际海运集装箱站和堆场、无船承运业务；允许香港和澳门的服务提供者在内地设立独资船务公司，为其拥有或者经营的船舶提供揽货、签发提单、结算运费、签订服务合同等日常业务服务。
第十八条 本规定由交通部和商务部负责解释。
第十九条 本规定自2004年5月1日起施行。
PROVISIONS ON ADMINISTRATION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN INTERNATIONAL MARITIME TRANSPORTATION
(Promulgated by Decree No. 1 of the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Commerce on March 2nd, 2004, and effective as of June 1st, 2004)
Article 1 These Provisions are formulated in accordance with the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on International Maritime Transportation (hereinafter referred to as the Maritime Transportation Regulations) and the relevant laws and administrative regulations of the People’s Republic of China on foreign investment, for the purposes of regulating the establishment of foreign-funded enterprises by foreign investors to engage in international maritime transportation business and auxiliary business relating thereto and safeguarding the lawful rights and interests of Chinese and foreign investors.
Article 2 These Provisions are applicable to the investment in and operation of international maritime transportation business and auxiliary businesses relating thereto (hereinafter referred to as international maritime transportation) by foreign investors within the territory of China.
Article 3 The Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China as well as their authorized agencies are responsible for the approval and administration of the establishment of foreign-funded enterprises within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign investors to engage in international maritime transportation.
Article 4 With the approval of the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Commerce, a foreign investor may invest in and operate international maritime transportation in the following forms:
(1) to establish a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture or a Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture to engage in international shipping services, international shipping agency services, international ship management services, loading and unloading of international shipments and international maritime container freight station and container yard services;
(2) to establish a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture, a Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or a wholly foreign-owned enterprise to engage in international maritime cargo warehousing services;
(3) to establish a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture, a Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or a wholly foreign-owned enterprise to offer routine services for the vessels owned or operated by the investor.
Article 5 A foreign-funded international shipping enterprise to be established shall meet the following conditions:
(1) having vessels suitable for employment in international maritime transportation, among which there must be vessels of Chinese nationality;
(2) vessels under employment shall be in compliance with the technical standards for maritime traffic safety as set forth by the State;
(3) having bills of lading, passenger tickets or multimodal transportation documents;
(4) having senior executives with the professional qualifications as set forth by the Ministry of Communications;
(5) in case of establishing a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture or a Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture, the proportion of investment made by foreign investors shall not exceed 49%;
(6) the chairperson of the board of directors and the general manager shall be appointed by the Chinese side after consultation between the both sides;
(7) other conditions specified by laws or administrative regulations.
Article 6 Where anyone is to establish a foreign-funded enterprise to engage in international shipping services, it shall firstly make an application to the Ministry of Communications in accordance with the provisions of the Maritime Transportation Regulations and the Implementing Rules of the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on International Maritime Transportation (hereinafter referred to as the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations); if such application is approved by the Ministry of Communications, the applicant shall, in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment of the State and on the strength of the approval document issued by the Ministry of Communications, go through the approval procedures for establishing a foreign-funded enterprise with the Ministry of Commerce by submitting the documents specified in Article 15 of these Provisions and obtain the Approval Certificate for Foreign-funded Enterprise.
The applicant shall, by presenting the approval document issued by the Ministry of Communications, the Approval Certificate for Foreign-funded Enterprise issued by the Ministry of Commerce and other relevant documents, go through the industrial and commercial registration formalities with the administrative department for industry and commerce according to law and obtain the business license.
After the establishment of a foreign-funded international shipping enterprise, the applicant shall, by presenting the business license issued by the administrative department for industry and commerce, apply to the Ministry of Communications for obtaining the Permit for Operation of International Shipping Services. Only those that have obtained such Permit may engage international shipping services.
Article 7 A foreign-funded international shipping agency enterprise to be established shall meet the following conditions:
(1) having at least two senior executives with no less than three years’ experience in international maritime transportation business operations. The term “senior executives” refers to Chinese citizens who have secondary or higher technical or academic titles and serve as department managers or above in enterprises engaging in international maritime transportation business or the auxiliary business relating thereto;
(2) having a fixed place of business and necessary business facilities, including the ability to have electronic data interchange (EDI) with ports, the Customs and other departments;
(3) in case of establishing a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture or a Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture, the proportion of investment made by foreign investors shall not exceed 49%;
(4) other conditions specified by laws or administrative regulations.
Article 8 Where anyone is to establish a foreign-funded enterprise to engage in international shipping agency services, it shall firstly make an application to the Ministry of Communications in accordance with the provisions of the Maritime Transportation Regulations and the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations; if such application is approved by the Ministry of Communications, the applicant shall, in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment of the State and on the strength of the approval document issued by the Ministry of Communications, go through the approval procedures for establishing a foreign-funded enterprise with the Ministry of Commerce by submitting the documents specified in Article 15 of these Provisions and obtain the Approval Certificate for Foreign-funded Enterprise.
The applicant shall, by presenting the approval document issued by the Ministry of Communications, the Approval Certificate for Foreign-funded Enterprise issued by the Ministry of Commerce and other relevant documents, go through the industrial and commercial registration formalities with the administrative department for industry and commerce according to law and obtain the business license.
After the establishment of a foreign-funded international shipping agency enterprise, the applicant shall, by presenting the business license issued by the administrative department for industry and commerce, apply to the Ministry of Communications for obtaining the Registration for Operation of International Shipping Agency Services. Only those that have obtained such Registration may engage international shipping agency services.
Article 9 A foreign-funded international ship management enterprise to be established shall meet the following conditions:
(1) having at least two senior executives with no less than three years’ experience in international maritime transportation business operations;
(2) having staff members in possession of master’s or chief engineer’s documents of competence that are commensurate with the types of vessels under their management and the navigation zones;
(3) having the equipment or facilities commensurate with the international ship management services.
Article 10 Where anyone is to establish a foreign-funded enterprise to engage in international ship management services, it shall firstly make an application to the Ministry of Communications in accordance with the provisions of the Maritime Transportation Regulations and the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations; if such application is approved by the Ministry of Communications, the applicant shall, in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment of the State and on the strength of the approval document issued by the Ministry of Communications, go through the approval procedures for obtaining the Approval Certificate for Foreign-funded Enterprise with the competent commerce administration department of the people’s government of the province where such enterprise is to be located by submitting the documents specified in Article 15 of these Provisions.
After the establishment of a foreign-funded international ship management enterprise, the applicant shall, by presenting the business license issued by the administrative department for industry and commerce, apply to the competent communications administration department of the people’s government of the province where such enterprise is located for obtaining the Registration for Operation of Auxiliary Businesses Relating to International Maritime Transportation. Only those that have obtained such Registration may engage in international ship management services.
Article 11 Where anyone is to establish a foreign-funded enterprise to engage in international maritime container freight station and container yard services or international maritime cargo warehousing services, it shall firstly make an application to the Ministry of Communications in accordance with the provisions of the Maritime Transportation Regulations and the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations; if such application is approved by the Ministry of Communications, the applicant shall, in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment of the State and on the strength of the approval document issued by the Ministry of Communications, go through the approval procedures for obtaining the Approval Certificate for Foreign-funded Enterprise with the competent commerce administration department of the people’s government of the province where such enterprise is to be located by submitting the documents specified in Article 15 of these Provisions.
After the establishment of a foreign-funded enterprise engaging in international maritime container freight station and container yard services or international maritime cargo warehousing services, the applicant shall, by presenting the business license issued by the administrative department for industry and commerce, apply to the competent communications administration department of the people’s government of the province where such enterprise is located for obtaining the Registration for Operation of Auxiliary Businesses Relating to International Maritime Transportation. Only those that have obtained such Registration may engage in the relevant services.
The establishment of a foreign-funded enterprise engaging in loading and unloading of international shipments shall be governed by the relevant provisions of the State.
Article 12 Where an established foreign-funded enterprise applies to add international maritime transportation business or the auxiliary business relating thereto to its business scope, it shall go through the corresponding formalities in accordance with the procedures for establishing a foreign-funded enterprise engaging in specific international maritime transportation businesses set forth in these Provisions.
Where an established foreign-funded enterprise engaging in international maritime transportation is to establish branches, it shall go through the corresponding formalities with the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Commerce or their authorized agencies in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment of the State, the Maritime Transportation Regulations and the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations.
Where an established foreign-funded enterprise engaging in international maritime transportation is to modify the essential contents such as investment contribution, structure of the shares or scope of business of its contact of joint venture or articles of association, it shall go through the corresponding formalities with the Ministry of Commerce or its authorized agencies in accordance with the laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment of the State. Any modification to the matters specified in Article 21 of the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations shall be filed with the Ministry of Communications for the record.
Article 13 A foreign company engaging in shipping may establish a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or wholly foreign-owned enterprise to offer such routine services as canvassing of cargoes, issuance of bills of lading, settlement of freight and signing of service contracts for the vessels owned or operated by investors. The procedures for establishment application of such an enterprise shall be governed by the relevant provisions jointly issued by the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Commerce on approval of establishment of wholly foreign-owned shipping companies.
Article 14 Where a foreign-funded enterprise within the territory of China is to engage in non-vessel-operating services, it shall, in accordance with the provisions of the Maritime Transportation Regulations and the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations, make an application to the Ministry of Communications for registration and obtaining the Registration of Non-vessel-operating Services Qualification, and go through the approval formalities with the Ministry of Commerce in accordance with the relevant laws and administrative regulations on foreign investment of the State.
Article 15 Where an applicant makes an application to the Ministry of Communications, it shall submit the documents specified in the Maritime Transportation Regulations and the Implementing Rules of the Maritime Transportation Regulations. Where an applicant makes an application to the Ministry of Commerce or its authorized agencies, he shall submit the following documents:
(1) the letter of application;
(2) the feasibility study report;
(3) the contract of the joint venture and the articles of association of the company (in case of a wholly foreign-owned company, the articles of association of the company only);
(4) the registration certificate and credit-standing certificate of investors;
(5) the identity certification of the chairperson of the board of directors and the general manager of the enterprise to be established;
(6) other documents required by laws or administrative regulations.
Article 16 These Provisions are mutatis mutandis applicable to the establishment of enterprises engaging in international maritime transportation and the auxiliary services relating thereto in other provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the Central Government by the investors form Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region or Taiwan region.
Article 17 In accordance with the relevant provisions of the Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement, the Mainland and Macao Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement and their Annexes, from January 1st, 2004, service suppliers from Hong Kong or Macao may established a wholly Hong Kong or Macao-owned enterprise in Chinese mainland to engage in international ship management services, international maritime cargo warehousing, international maritime container freight station and container yard services, and non-vessel-operating services; they may also establish a wholly Hong Kong or Macao-owned shipping company in Chinese mainland to offer such routine services as canvassing of cargoes, issuance of bills of lading, settlement of freight and signing of service contracts for their owned or operated vessels.
Article 18 The Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Commerce are responsible for the interpretation of these Provisions.
Article 19 These Provisions shall take effect as of June 1st, 2004.
影楼摄影的版权初探
王维拉
影楼是否对其拍摄的照片底片享有版权？实务中，有不少的影楼为顾客拍摄照片后，只给顾客相片而留下了底片，并认定该底片的版权归影楼，结果总闹得顾客很不愉快，并由此引发了不少的纠纷。笔者将在本文中对于影楼拍摄相片的版权问题进行初步探讨。
我国著作权法第三条规定："本法所称的作品，包括以下列形式创作的文学、艺术和自然科学、社会科学、工程技术等作品：（五）摄影作品；"摄影作品是借助摄像器材，在感光材料上记录客观物体形象的艺术作品，其直接表现形式是相片（含底片）。摄影作品被单列为一个作品的类型，是受著作权法保护的。然而，并非任何人拍摄的相片都可以称为"摄影作品"，其判断标准是该摄影作品构成法律所保护的"作品"。
衡量"作品"的标准
著作权法实施条例第二条规定："著作权法所称作品，指文学、艺术和科学领域内，具有独创性并能以某种有形形式复制的智力创作成果。"可见，"作品"成为著作权法保护的客体首要条件是具有"独创性"，亦称"原创性"。
各国法律几乎无一例外地规定或承认"独创性"是作品受法律保护的前提条件，只有具有"独创性"的作品才有可能获得著作权法的保护。那么何为"独创性"？"独创性"是不是有一个具体的、明确的标准可以用以衡量"作品"呢？我国著作权法中对"独创性"没有具体的规定和解释。《伯尔尼公约》中也没有统一的适用于不同"作品"的"独创性"的评判标准。参考美国著作权法的司法实践，一般从两个方面去判断"独创性"：1、"作品"是否包含作者的独立创作行为；2、是否具有一定量的创造性。我国法学界中，比较公认的观点认为："独创性"是由作者独立构思而成的，"作品"的内容和表现形式完全不是或基本上不是同他人已经发表的作品相同。
总结各国的司法实践以及我国学者的论述，笔者认为："作品"（本文专指"摄影作品"）的"独创性"可以从以下方面去判断：1、从"作品"的表现形式上看，是否与其他"作品"的表现形式相同；2、"作品"是否包含作者的独立创作行为；3、"作品"是否具有一定量的创造性。对于前两个标准的认定实践中比较好判断，关于对作品的"创造性"的量的要求，则赖于司法或行政机关的自由裁量。在美国，各级法院基本形成以下观点："创造性所必要的水平非常之低，甚至一丁点足够，绝大多数作品很容易达到这个标准，只要有创造性的火花，无论多么初级，多么肤浅，多么明显。"因此美国最高法院认为，美国宪法的版权条款要求的"独创性"是独立创作加上微小程度的创造性。可见对于作品"创造性"的量的要求是非常之低的，几乎任何一般的作品都可以达到这个要求。
影楼对拍摄的照片的版权分析
笔者认为：并非影楼的所有的照片都构成著作权法上的"作品"。以下仅试以影楼的某些婚纱照和身份证照并结合作品的三个标准进行分析：
1、从表现形式上分析 欣赏了许多影楼的婚纱照后，我们可以发现一个共同的现象：所有的婚纱照大同小异，人物造型、新娘和新郎的穿着打扮、甚至新人的表情几乎一样。差别似乎只有人物不同而已。
影楼拍摄的身份证照片也同于婚纱照，表现形式是千篇一律的。我们来做一个简单的测试，将众多家影楼拍摄的某些婚纱照和身份证照片放在一起，然后在一般的公众群挑选出测试者，几乎没有人可以区分这些相片其中表现形式的差别，不能区分是那家影楼拍摄的。这样的相片我们可以认为其表现形式上不具有差异。
2、从是否包含作者的独立创作行为来分析 我们去拍摄身份证都有这样的体会，摄影房有固定的背景，闪光灯和反光伞都是固定在一定的位置上，相机由三角架固定在一个位置，摄影师要求你坐在背景架前的小凳子上，等你摆好了姿势，摄影师喊一二三，灯光一闪，一张相片就拍好了。有些婚纱照的拍摄过程，也是按非常固定的模式来拍摄的，与拍摄身份证基本上相似。在整个过程中，摄影师所要做的事情只有一个就是按相机的快门，这并不需要任何技术，几乎任何人都可以做，根本谈不上有任何的独立创作行为。
相片拍摄完成，然后是冲洗底片，冲洗底片一般是用化学药剂将胶卷上的通过拍摄过程留下的影像固定在胶片上，这就是底片。然后将固定在底片上的影像冲洗在像纸上，这个过程我们可以认为是复制。将拍摄好胶卷冲洗成底片再到相片，现在一般是机器全自动完成，这个过程基本上没有任何的加工制作，没有作者的独立创造行为。
3、从"创造性"的量上来分析 我国大部分影楼拍摄婚纱照使用的是台湾的技术，灯光布景等都是一样的模式，拍摄出来的相片效果是一样的，甚至新娘的鼻子统一被虚化了，而照片仅仅是人物不同而已。而那些固定布景及灯光，相机的位置也是按一般的拍摄技术要求摆设的。尽管作品中对"创造性"量的要求非常之低，对于影楼使用已经进入公用领域的技术拍摄的固定模式的相片或几乎全盘照搬的技术拍摄的某些婚纱照以及用同一的、简单的技术拍摄的身份证照片，非常初级的"创造性"也是比较难找到的。
从以上分析我们可以得出某些影楼的婚纱照和身份证不具有"独创性"，按照著作权法的规定，这些相片不构成"作品"，不享有著作权，不受著作权法的保护。
诚然，我们也不能否认，在以下两种情况下，影楼因其相片的独创性和差异性而享有该片的版权。其一，源于摄影师的灵感而在瞬间的抓拍过程中所具有的独创性。影楼摄影的关键技术于灯光的布置和摄影师在瞬间的抓拍能力，灯光的设置作为纯技术工作，一般的没有独创性。但是摄影师的瞬间的抓拍的，诱导被拍摄者做出各种动作、表情则含有一定的独创性，瞬间的抓拍是否有独创性取决于摄影师的诱导和其经验水平，而其外在的体现则是照片表现形式上的差异性。其二，影楼在对底片冲洗的过程中，将底片进行专门的加工制作而形成非常有特色的相片作品。因此，有些影楼拍摄的相片是符合"作品"要件的，有的还具有很高的艺术水准，对于这些作品，影楼则当然的享有著作权。
影楼拍摄相片的法律关系分析
影楼应顾客要求为其拍摄相片或者翻洗底片，该行为性质属于承揽行为。即承揽人按照定作人的要求完成一定的工作，并将工作成果交付给定作人，定作人为此支付报酬给承揽人的行为。影楼是这一关系中的承揽人，顾客则是这一关系中的定作人。依据合同法的相关规定，影楼的义务是拍照，并将符合拍摄要求的相片交给顾客，顾客的义务支付影楼拍摄的报酬。按照该行业的惯例，影楼应该将底片和相片一起交付给顾客，这包括在影楼的合同义务中。
对于已经构成作品的相片，顾客委托影楼影楼为其拍摄相片，影楼为此拍摄的相片则属于委托作品。著作权法第十七条规定："受委托创作的作品，著作权的归属由委托人和受托人通过合同约定。合同未作明确约定或者没有订立合同的，著作权属于受托人。"对于相片的著作权顾客可以和影楼双方协商，可以协商著作权归属顾客。如果没有协商，则归属于受委托人，也就是影楼。
影楼版权的行使限制
影楼拍摄的作品，如果构成民法中的肖像，则影楼对该作品享有的著作权的行使会受到法律的规制与协调。肖像，是自然人形态和神态的客观综合表现，从表现的形式上，包括图画、照相、录像等，从表现部位上，应以人的面部为主。判断影楼的相片作品是否构成肖像，应结合上述两方面，再考虑社会一般人的认知程度，予以全面综合判断。肖像被以相片作品的形式物化后，在肖像上同时存在着肖像权和肖像作品作者的著作权。肖像权包括制作专有权、使用专有权和利益维护权。作为肖像权内容的使用专有权与作为著作权内容的发表权、复制权、展览权之间，在行使时会发生权利的冲突。在顾客与影楼之间则存在着保护顾客肖像权和保护影楼著作权的冲突。
结合世界各国的具体做法，通常把肖像权作为邻接权的一部分，由著作权法直接予以保护。法律规定，未经肖像权人同意，不得将肖像展览、复制或出售。著作权人只有取得肖像人的同意后，才能行使其著作权中有关肖像权的各项权利。在我国目前的立法中，肖像权由民法加以规定并保护，著作权法只对表演者的艺术形象作了不得歪曲的保护性规定，关于著作权法中就肖像权与肖像作品著作权的冲突问题的解决亟待立法的完善。
结论
影楼接受顾客的委托拍摄的相片是否构成受著作权法保护的作品，基于其是否符合关于作品的判断标准。影楼和顾客之间形成了承揽合同关系，无论该相片是否构成作品，双方均可以特别约定底片的归属及使用费。如果影楼对拍摄的相片享有著作权，影楼对相片的使用也将受到极大的限制，任何擅自或不当的使用行为都可能构成对顾客肖像权的侵犯。笔者认为，影楼保留底片并没有实质上的意义，相反影楼保存大量的相片需要花费一定的人力财力，如果造成丢失或不当使用，均可能导致顾客的侵权赔偿请求。故此，建议底片还是交顾客保存为妥。
王维拉
2002-08-27